For aircraft operating under instrument flight rules (IFR), an instrument approach or instrument approach procedure (IAP) is a series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft under instrument flight conditions from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing, or to a point from which a landing may be made visually. Precision approaches utilise both lateral (localiser) and vertical (glideslope) information. Approach plates graphically depict the specific procedure to be followed by a pilot for a particular type of approach to a given runway. They depict prescribed altitudes and headings to be flown, as well as obstacles, terrain, and potentially conflicting airspace. In addition, they also list missed approach procedures and commonly used radio frequencies.
In aviation, the turn and balance indicator (T/B) and the turn coordinator (T/C) variant are essentially two aircraft flight instruments in the one device. They each act as a rate of turn indicator that displays the rate the aircraft heading is changing and a balance indicator or slip indicator that displays the slip or skid of the turn.
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